Returns the absolute value of a double value.

  Returns the absolute value of a double value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:

• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
• If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.

In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

Double.longBitsToDouble((Double.doubleToLongBits(a)<<1)>>>1)
Returns: the absolute value of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the argument whose absolute value is to be determined

  Returns the absolute value of a float value.

  Returns the absolute value of a float value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned. Special cases:

• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, the result is positive zero.
• If the argument is infinite, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.

In other words, the result is the same as the value of the expression:

Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fffffff & Float.floatToIntBits(a))

Returns: the absolute value of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the argument whose absolute value is to be determined

  Returns the absolute value of an int value.

  Returns the absolute value of an int value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of Integer.MIN_VALUE, the most negative representable int value, the result is that same value, which is negative.
Returns: the absolute value of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
See Also: Integer.MIN_VALUE,

  Returns the absolute value of a long value.

  Returns the absolute value of a long value. If the argument is not negative, the argument is returned. If the argument is negative, the negation of the argument is returned.

Note that if the argument is equal to the value of Long.MIN_VALUE, the most negative representable long value, the result is that same value, which is negative.
Returns: the absolute value of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the argument whose absolute value is to be determined
See Also: Long.MIN_VALUE,

  Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the range 0.0 through pi.

  Returns the arc cosine of a value; the returned angle is in the range 0.0 through pi. Special case:

• If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the arc cosine of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the value whose arc cosine is to be returned.

  Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

  Returns the arc sine of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or its absolute value is greater than 1, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the arc sine of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the value whose arc sine is to be returned.

  Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2.

  Returns the arc tangent of a value; the returned angle is in the range -pi/2 through pi/2. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the arc tangent of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - the value whose arc tangent is to be returned.

  Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, theta).

  Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordinates (r, theta). This method computes the phase theta by computing an arc tangent of y/x in the range of -pi to pi. Special cases:

• If either argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive zero.
• If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is positive, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is negative zero.
• If the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is positive and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi.
• If the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is negative, or the first argument is negative and finite and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi.
• If the first argument is positive and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to pi/2.
• If the first argument is negative and the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, or the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is finite, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/2.
• If both arguments are positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to pi/4.
• If the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to 3*pi/4.
• If the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is positive infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -pi/4.
• If both arguments are negative infinity, then the result is the double value closest to -3*pi/4.

The computed result must be within 2 ulps of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the theta component of the point (r, theta) in polar coordinates that corresponds to the point (x, y) in Cartesian coordinates.
Parameters:
- y - the ordinate coordinate
- x - the abscissa coordinate

  Returns the cube root of a double value.

  Returns the cube root of a double value. For positive finite x, cbrt(-x) == -cbrt(x); that is, the cube root of a negative value is the negative of the cube root of that value's magnitude. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result.
Returns: the cube root of a.
Parameters:
- a - a value.
Since: 1.5

  Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity) double value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

  Returns the smallest (closest to negative infinity)
double value that is greater than or equal to the
argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:

• If the argument value is already equal to a
  mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
  argument.
• If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
  positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
  the argument.
• If the argument value is less than zero but
  greater than -1.0, then the result is negative zero.

Note
that the value of Math.ceil(x) is exactly the
value of -Math.floor(-x).
Returns: the smallest (closest to negative infinity) floating-point value that is greater than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
Parameters:
- a - a value.

  Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument.

  Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the
second floating-point argument. Note that unlike the StrictMath.copySign
method, this method does not require NaN sign
arguments to be treated as positive values; implementations are
permitted to treat some NaN arguments as positive and other NaN
arguments as negative to allow greater performance.
Returns: a value with the magnitude of magnitude and the sign of sign.
Parameters:
- magnitude - the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
- sign - the parameter providing the sign of the result
Since: 1.6

  Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the second floating-point argument.

  Returns the first floating-point argument with the sign of the
second floating-point argument. Note that unlike the StrictMath.copySign
method, this method does not require NaN sign
arguments to be treated as positive values; implementations are
permitted to treat some NaN arguments as positive and other NaN
arguments as negative to allow greater performance.
Returns: a value with the magnitude of magnitude and the sign of sign.
Parameters:
- magnitude - the parameter providing the magnitude of the result
- sign - the parameter providing the sign of the result
Since: 1.6

  Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle.

  Returns the trigonometric cosine of an angle. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the cosine of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - an angle, in radians.

  Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value.

  Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a double value. The hyperbolic cosine of x is defined to be (e^x + e^-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is 1.0.

The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result.
Returns: The hyperbolic cosine of x.
Parameters:
- x - The number whose hyperbolic cosine is to be returned.
Since: 1.5

  Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value.

  Returns Euler's number e raised to the power of a double value. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is positive zero.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the value e^a, where e is the base of the natural logarithms.
Parameters:
- a - the exponent to raise e to.

  Returns e^x -1.

  Returns e^x -1. Note that for values of x near 0, the exact sum of expm1(x) + 1 is much closer to the true result of e^x than exp(x).

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is -1.0.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic. The result of expm1 for any finite input must be greater than or equal to -1.0. Note that once the exact result of e^x - 1 is within 1/2 ulp of the limit value -1, -1.0 should be returned.
Returns: the value e^x - 1.
Parameters:
- x - the exponent to raise e to in the computation of e^x -1.
Since: 1.5

  Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) double value that is less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

  Returns the largest (closest to positive infinity)
double value that is less than or equal to the
argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. Special cases:

• If the argument value is already equal to a
  mathematical integer, then the result is the same as the
  argument.
• If the argument is NaN or an infinity or
  positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as
  the argument.

Returns: the largest (closest to positive infinity) floating-point value that less than or equal to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.
Parameters:
- a - a value.

  Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a double.

  Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a
double. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is
  Double.MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
  
• If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is
  Double.MIN_EXPONENT -1.
  

Returns: the unbiased exponent of the argument
Parameters:
- d - a {@code double} value
Since: 1.6

  Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a float.

  Returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of a
float. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or infinite, then the result is
  Float.MAX_EXPONENT + 1.
  
• If the argument is zero or subnormal, then the result is
  Float.MIN_EXPONENT -1.
  

Returns: the unbiased exponent of the argument
Parameters:
- f - a {@code float} value
Since: 1.6

  Returns sqrt(x² +y²) without intermediate overflow or underflow.

  Returns sqrt(x² +y²) without intermediate overflow or underflow.

Special cases:

• If either argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.
• If either argument is NaN and neither argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. If one parameter is held constant, the results must be semi-monotonic in the other parameter.
Returns: sqrt(x² +y²) without intermediate overflow or underflow
Parameters:
- x - a value
- y - a value
Since: 1.5

  Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed by the IEEE 754 standard.

  Computes the remainder operation on two arguments as prescribed
by the IEEE 754 standard.
The remainder value is mathematically equal to
f1 - f2 × n,
where n is the mathematical integer closest to the exact
mathematical value of the quotient f1/f2, and if two
mathematical integers are equally close to f1/f2,
then n is the integer that is even. If the remainder is
zero, its sign is the same as the sign of the first argument.
Special cases:

• If either argument is NaN, or the first argument is infinite,
  or the second argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
  result is NaN.
  
• If the first argument is finite and the second argument is
  infinite, then the result is the same as the first argument.

Returns: the remainder when f1 is divided by f2.
Parameters:
- f1 - the dividend.
- f2 - the divisor.

  Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a double value.

  Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of a double value. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the value ln a, the natural logarithm of a.
Parameters:
- a - a value

  Returns the base 10 logarithm of a double value.

  Returns the base 10 logarithm of a double value. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is negative infinity.
• If the argument is equal to 10ⁿ for integer n, then the result is n.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the base 10 logarithm of a.
Parameters:
- a - a value
Since: 1.5

  Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1.

  Returns the natural logarithm of the sum of the argument and 1. Note that for small values x, the result of log1p(x) is much closer to the true result of ln(1 + x) than the floating-point evaluation of log(1.0+x).

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than -1, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is negative one, then the result is negative infinity.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the value ln(x + 1), the natural log of x + 1
Parameters:
- x - a value
Since: 1.5

  Returns the greater of two double values.

  Returns the greater of two double values. That
is, the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If
the arguments have the same value, the result is that same
value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike
the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the
result is positive zero.
Returns: the larger of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.

  Returns the greater of two float values.

  Returns the greater of two float values. That is,
the result is the argument closer to positive infinity. If the
arguments have the same value, the result is that same
value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike
the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
argument is positive zero and the other negative zero, the
result is positive zero.
Returns: the larger of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.

  Returns the greater of two int values.

  Returns the greater of two int values. That is, the
result is the argument closer to the value of
Integer.MAX_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value,
the result is that same value.
Returns: the larger of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.
See Also: Long.MAX_VALUE,

  Returns the greater of two long values.

  Returns the greater of two long values. That is, the
result is the argument closer to the value of
Long.MAX_VALUE. If the arguments have the same value,
the result is that same value.
Returns: the larger of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.
See Also: Long.MAX_VALUE,

  Returns the smaller of two double values.

  Returns the smaller of two double values. That
is, the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the
arguments have the same value, the result is that same
value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike
the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If one
argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero, the
result is negative zero.
Returns: the smaller of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.

  Returns the smaller of two float values.

  Returns the smaller of two float values. That is,
the result is the value closer to negative infinity. If the
arguments have the same value, the result is that same
value. If either value is NaN, then the result is NaN. Unlike
the numerical comparison operators, this method considers
negative zero to be strictly smaller than positive zero. If
one argument is positive zero and the other is negative zero,
the result is negative zero.
Returns: the smaller of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.

  Returns the smaller of two int values.

  Returns the smaller of two int values. That is,
the result the argument closer to the value of
Integer.MIN_VALUE. If the arguments have the same
value, the result is that same value.
Returns: the smaller of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.
See Also: Long.MIN_VALUE,

  Returns the smaller of two long values.

  Returns the smaller of two long values. That is,
the result is the argument closer to the value of
Long.MIN_VALUE. If the arguments have the same
value, the result is that same value.
Returns: the smaller of a and b.
Parameters:
- a - an argument.
- b - another argument.
See Also: Long.MIN_VALUE,

  Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument.

  Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

• If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
• If both arguments are signed zeros, direction is returned unchanged (as implied by the requirement of returning the second argument if the arguments compare as equal).
• If start is ±Double.MIN_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as start is returned.
• If start is infinite and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, Double.MAX_VALUE with the same sign as start is returned.
• If start is equal to ± Double.MAX_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as start is returned.

Returns: The floating-point number adjacent to {@code start} in the direction of {@code direction}.
Parameters:
- start - starting floating-point value
- direction - value indicating which of {@code start}'s neighbors or {@code start} should be returned
Since: 1.6

  Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument.

  Returns the floating-point number adjacent to the first argument in the direction of the second argument. If both arguments compare as equal a value equivalent to the second argument is returned.

Special cases:

• If either argument is a NaN, then NaN is returned.
• If both arguments are signed zeros, a value equivalent to direction is returned.
• If start is ±Float.MIN_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, then a zero with the same sign as start is returned.
• If start is infinite and direction has a value such that the result should have a smaller magnitude, Float.MAX_VALUE with the same sign as start is returned.
• If start is equal to ± Float.MAX_VALUE and direction has a value such that the result should have a larger magnitude, an infinity with same sign as start is returned.

Returns: The floating-point number adjacent to {@code start} in the direction of {@code direction}.
Parameters:
- start - starting floating-point value
- direction - value indicating which of {@code start}'s neighbors or {@code start} should be returned
Since: 1.6

  Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of positive infinity.

  Returns the floating-point value adjacent to d in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(d, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextUp implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, the result is Double.MIN_VALUE

Returns: The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive infinity.
Parameters:
- d - starting floating-point value
Since: 1.6

  Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of positive infinity.

  Returns the floating-point value adjacent to f in the direction of positive infinity. This method is semantically equivalent to nextAfter(f, Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY); however, a nextUp implementation may run faster than its equivalent nextAfter call.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive infinity, the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is zero, the result is Float.MIN_VALUE

Returns: The adjacent floating-point value closer to positive infinity.
Parameters:
- f - starting floating-point value
Since: 1.6

  Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

  Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument. Special cases:

• If the second argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is 1.0.
• If the second argument is 1.0, then the result is the same as the first argument.
• If the second argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the first argument is NaN and the second argument is nonzero, then the result is NaN.
• If
  • the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity, or
  • the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity,
  then the result is positive infinity.
• If
  • the absolute value of the first argument is greater than 1 and the second argument is negative infinity, or
  • the absolute value of the first argument is less than 1 and the second argument is positive infinity,
  then the result is positive zero.
• If the absolute value of the first argument equals 1 and the second argument is infinite, then the result is NaN.
• If
  • the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is greater than zero, or
  • the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is less than zero,
  then the result is positive zero.
• If
  • the first argument is positive zero and the second argument is less than zero, or
  • the first argument is positive infinity and the second argument is greater than zero,
  then the result is positive infinity.
• If
  • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
  • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer,
  then the result is positive zero.
• If
  • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer, or
  • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer,
  then the result is negative zero.
• If
  • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is less than zero but not a finite odd integer, or
  • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is greater than zero but not a finite odd integer,
  then the result is positive infinity.
• If
  • the first argument is negative zero and the second argument is a negative finite odd integer, or
  • the first argument is negative infinity and the second argument is a positive finite odd integer,
  then the result is negative infinity.
• If the first argument is finite and less than zero
  • if the second argument is a finite even integer, the result is equal to the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument
  • if the second argument is a finite odd integer, the result is equal to the negative of the result of raising the absolute value of the first argument to the power of the second argument
  • if the second argument is finite and not an integer, then the result is NaN.
• If both arguments are integers, then the result is exactly equal to the mathematical result of raising the first argument to the power of the second argument if that result can in fact be represented exactly as a double value.

(In the foregoing descriptions, a floating-point value is considered to be an integer if and only if it is finite and a fixed point of the method ceil or, equivalently, a fixed point of the method floor. A value is a fixed point of a one-argument method if and only if the result of applying the method to the value is equal to the value.)

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the value ab.
Parameters:
- a - the base.
- b - the exponent.

  Returns a double value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.

  Returns a double value with a positive sign, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0. Returned values are chosen pseudorandomly with (approximately) uniform distribution from that range.

When this method is first called, it creates a single new pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression

new java.util.Random

This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.

This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention for each thread to have its own pseudorandom-number generator.
Returns: a pseudorandom double greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.
See Also: Random.nextDouble(),

  Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer.

  Returns the double value that is closest in value
to the argument and is equal to a mathematical integer. If two
double values that are mathematical integers are
equally close, the result is the integer value that is
even. Special cases:

• If the argument value is already equal to a mathematical
  integer, then the result is the same as the argument.
  
• If the argument is NaN or an infinity or positive zero or negative
  zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Returns: the closest floating-point value to a that is equal to a mathematical integer.
Parameters:
- a - a double value.

  Returns the closest long to the argument.

  Returns the closest long to the argument. The result is rounded to an integer by adding 1/2, taking the floor of the result, and casting the result to type long. In other words, the result is equal to the value of the expression:

(long)Math.floor(a + 0.5d)

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
• If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of Long.MIN_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Long.MIN_VALUE.
• If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of Long.MAX_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Long.MAX_VALUE.

Returns: the value of the argument rounded to the nearest long value.
Parameters:
- a - a floating-point value to be rounded to a long.
See Also: Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE,

  Returns the closest int to the argument.

  Returns the closest int to the argument. The result is rounded to an integer by adding 1/2, taking the floor of the result, and casting the result to type int. In other words, the result is equal to the value of the expression:

(int)Math.floor(a + 0.5f)

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, the result is 0.
• If the argument is negative infinity or any value less than or equal to the value of Integer.MIN_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Integer.MIN_VALUE.
• If the argument is positive infinity or any value greater than or equal to the value of Integer.MAX_VALUE, the result is equal to the value of Integer.MAX_VALUE.

Returns: the value of the argument rounded to the nearest int value.
Parameters:
- a - a floating-point value to be rounded to an integer.
See Also: Integer.MAX_VALUE, Integer.MIN_VALUE,

  Return d × 2^scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set.

  Return d × 2^scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the double value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between Double.MIN_EXPONENT and Double.MAX_EXPONENT, the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than Double.MAX_EXPONENT, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when scalb(x, n) is subnormal, scalb(scalb(x, n), -n) may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as d.

Special cases:

• If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
• If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
• If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

Returns: {@code d} × 2^{{@code scaleFactor}}
Parameters:
- d - number to be scaled by a power of two.
- scaleFactor - power of 2 used to scale {@code d}
Since: 1.6

  Return f × 2^scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the float value set.

  Return f × 2^scaleFactor rounded as if performed by a single correctly rounded floating-point multiply to a member of the float value set. See the Java Language Specification for a discussion of floating-point value sets. If the exponent of the result is between Float.MIN_EXPONENT and Float.MAX_EXPONENT, the answer is calculated exactly. If the exponent of the result would be larger than Float.MAX_EXPONENT, an infinity is returned. Note that if the result is subnormal, precision may be lost; that is, when scalb(x, n) is subnormal, scalb(scalb(x, n), -n) may not equal x. When the result is non-NaN, the result has the same sign as f.

Special cases:

• If the first argument is NaN, NaN is returned.
• If the first argument is infinite, then an infinity of the same sign is returned.
• If the first argument is zero, then a zero of the same sign is returned.

Returns: {@code f} × 2^{{@code scaleFactor}}
Parameters:
- f - number to be scaled by a power of two.
- scaleFactor - power of 2 used to scale {@code f}
Since: 1.6

  Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the argument is less than zero.

  Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0 if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0 if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Returns: the signum function of the argument
Parameters:
- d - the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
Since: 1.5

  Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the argument is less than zero.

  Returns the signum function of the argument; zero if the argument is zero, 1.0f if the argument is greater than zero, -1.0f if the argument is less than zero.

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the result is the same as the argument.

Returns: the signum function of the argument
Parameters:
- f - the floating-point value whose signum is to be returned
Since: 1.5

  Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle.

  Returns the trigonometric sine of an angle. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the sine of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - an angle, in radians.

  Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value.

  Returns the hyperbolic sine of a double value. The hyperbolic sine of x is defined to be (e^x - e^-x)/2 where e is Euler's number.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result.
Returns: The hyperbolic sine of x.
Parameters:
- x - The number whose hyperbolic sine is to be returned.
Since: 1.5

  Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a double value.

  Returns the correctly rounded positive square root of a
double value.
Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or less than zero, then the result
  is NaN.
  
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is positive
  infinity.
  
• If the argument is positive zero or negative zero, then the
  result is the same as the argument.

Otherwise, the result is the double value closest to
the true mathematical square root of the argument value.
Returns: the positive square root of a. If the argument is NaN or less than zero, the result is NaN.
Parameters:
- a - a value.

  Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle.

  Returns the trigonometric tangent of an angle. Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN or an infinity, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.

The computed result must be within 1 ulp of the exact result. Results must be semi-monotonic.
Returns: the tangent of the argument.
Parameters:
- a - an angle, in radians.

  Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value.

  Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a double value. The hyperbolic tangent of x is defined to be (e^x - e^-x)/(e^x + e^-x), in other words, sinh(x)/cosh(x). Note that the absolute value of the exact tanh is always less than 1.

Special cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the same sign as the argument.
• If the argument is positive infinity, then the result is +1.0.
• If the argument is negative infinity, then the result is -1.0.

The computed result must be within 2.5 ulps of the exact result. The result of tanh for any finite input must have an absolute value less than or equal to 1. Note that once the exact result of tanh is within 1/2 of an ulp of the limit value of ±1, correctly signed ±1.0 should be returned.
Returns: The hyperbolic tangent of x.
Parameters:
- x - The number whose hyperbolic tangent is to be returned.
Since: 1.5

  Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle measured in degrees.

  Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately
equivalent angle measured in degrees. The conversion from
radians to degrees is generally inexact; users should
not expect cos(toRadians(90.0)) to exactly
equal 0.0.
Returns: the measurement of the angle angrad in degrees.
Parameters:
- angrad - an angle, in radians
Since: 1.2

  Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle measured in radians.

  Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately
equivalent angle measured in radians. The conversion from
degrees to radians is generally inexact.
Returns: the measurement of the angle angdeg in radians.
Parameters:
- angdeg - an angle, in degrees
Since: 1.2

  Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.

  Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a double value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the double value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is Double.MIN_VALUE.
• If the argument is ±Double.MAX_VALUE, then the result is equal to 2⁹⁷¹.

Returns: the size of an ulp of the argument
Parameters:
- d - the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
Since: 1.5

  Returns the size of an ulp of the argument.

  Returns the size of an ulp of the argument. An ulp of a float value is the positive distance between this floating-point value and the float value next larger in magnitude. Note that for non-NaN x, ulp(-x) == ulp(x).

Special Cases:

• If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.
• If the argument is positive or negative infinity, then the result is positive infinity.
• If the argument is positive or negative zero, then the result is Float.MIN_VALUE.
• If the argument is ±Float.MAX_VALUE, then the result is equal to 2¹⁰⁴.

Returns: the size of an ulp of the argument
Parameters:
- f - the floating-point value whose ulp is to be returned
Since: 1.5